After talking about the events of the Battle of Badr, the verses move to talk about the Jewish conspiracy and their breach of covenants.

فَبِمَا نَقْضِهِم مِّيثَاقَهُمْ لَعَنَّاهُمْ وَجَعَلْنَا قُلُوبَهُمْ قَاسِيَةً ۖ يُحَرِّفُونَ الْكَلِمَ عَن مَّوَاضِعِهِ ۙ وَنَسُوا حَظًّا مِّمَّا ذُكِّرُوا بِهِ ۚ وَلَا تَزَالُ تَطَّلِعُ عَلَىٰ خَائِنَةٍ مِّنْهُمْ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا مِّنْهُمْ ۖ فَاعْفُ عَنْهُمْ وَاصْفَحْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُحْسِنِينَ

(Because of their violation of their covenant, We cursed them and made their hearts hard. They distort words from their proper meanings and forget a portion of what they were reminded of. You will continually find treachery among them, except for a few. Therefore, forgive them and overlook their transgressions. Indeed, Allah loves the doers of good) (Al-Ma’idah: 13)

( الَّذِينَ عَاهَدتَّ مِنْهُمْ ثُمَّ يَنقُضُونَ عَهْدَهُمْ ) (Those with whom you made a covenant, then they break their covenant.): Who are the ones who broke the covenant? They are Banu Quraiza, who supplied the polytheists with weapons and informed them about the Prophet’s (saws) departure with his companions. They conspired from within the city of al-Madinah and even though there were covenants and agreements signed by the Prophet (saws) with them, they violated the covenant. In fact, the Jews have always been known for breaking agreements. They cannot be trusted with covenants, and there is no peace with them because they engage in treachery, as the Quran clearly states.

( فِي كُلِّ مَرَّةٍ ) (Everytime): This means not just in this particular instance, but on every occasion when agreements and covenants are made with them, they will violate them. Indeed, this happened in the Battle of the Trench (Al-Khandaq) when all the Jews conspired against the Prophet (saws).

( وَهُمْ لَا يَتَّقُونَ ) (And they do not have fear of Allah.): The Torah was revealed to them, and they are the People Scripture, so it is expected that they should fear Allah, the Most High, and stand by what they have agreed upon with the Messenger of Allah (saws). But they did not.