Allah (swt) enumerates in this verse the groups of believers:

(إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَهَاجَرُوا) (Indeed, those who have believed and emigrated): This refers to the Emigrants who left their homes and wealth in Mecca and migrated to Medina.

(وَجَاهَدُوا بِأَمْوَالِهِمْ وَأَنفُسِهِمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ) (And fought with their wealth and lives in the cause of Allah): They are those who went out to fight on the Day of Badr and expended their wealth and lives in that effort.

(وَالَّذِينَ آوَوا وَّنَصَرُوا) (And those who gave shelter and aided): This refers to the Ansar, the people of Medina, who provided shelter and assistance to the migrants from Mecca.

(أُولَٰئِكَ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلِيَاءُ بَعْضٍ ۚ) (They are allies of one another): This was a practical reality, as each individual among the Ansar designated a share of his home and dwelling for his Muhajir (emigrant) brother. Thus, each of them was more entitled to each other than anyone else. For this, the Messenger of Allah (saws) established brotherhood between the Muhajirin and the Ansar, making every two individuals as brothers. They inherited from each other, prioritizing the other over their own blood ties, until Allah (swt) abrogated this practice with the laws of inheritance.

(…وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَلَمْ يُهَاجِرُوا…) (But those who believed and did not emigrate): Those who believed but chose not to migrate, but instead stayed for the sake of their wealth.

  (…مَا لَكُم مِّن وَلَايَتِهِم مِّن شَيْءٍ حَتَّىٰ يُهَاجِرُوا ۚ…) (For you, there is no guardianship over them until they emigrate): You will not be able to protect them until they migrate and join the community in Medina.

(…وَإِنِ اسْتَنصَرُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ فَعَلَيْكُمُ النَّصْر…ُ) (And if they seek help from you for the religion, then you must help): If they seek your assistance while they are being harmed, or oppressed because of their faith, then you should support and aid them.

(…إِلَّا عَلَىٰ قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُم مِّيثَاقٌ…) (Except against a people between yourselves and whom is a treaty): Unless there is a covenant between you and those whom they sought help against, for Islam honours agreements and treaties. Islam is not a barbaric or violent religion; it is not a religion of killing and terrorism. Even if they seek your help in matters of religion, you are obliged to assist them unless there is an agreement or covenant between you and the people whom they sought help against.

 (…وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ) (And Allah is Seeing of what you do.): Allah (swt) is aware and observes everything that occurs in the universe. He is well-acquainted with which the eyes deceives and what the breasts conceal.